TY - JOUR
T1 - Measurement of automotive nonvolatile particle number emissions within the European legislative framework
T2 - A review
AU - Giechaskiel, Barouch
AU - Mamakos, Athanasios
AU - Andersson, Jon
AU - Dilara, Panagiota
AU - Martini, Giorgio
AU - Schindler, Wolfgang
AU - Bergmann, Alexander
PY - 2012/7/1
Y1 - 2012/7/1
N2 - In 2011, the European Commission introduced a limit for nonvolatile particle number (PN) emissions >23 nm from light-duty (LD) vehicles and the stated intent is to implement similar legislation for on-road heavy-duty (HD) engines at the next legislative stage. This paper reviews the recent literature regarding the operation-dependent emission of PN from LD vehicles and HD engines, and the measurement procedure used for regulatory purposes. The repeatability of the PN method is of the order of 5% and higher scatter of the results can easily be explained by the effect of the vehicles or the aftertreatment devices on the PN emissions (e.g., the fill state of the diesel particulate filters). Reproducibility remains an issue since it may exceed 30%. These high-variability levels are mainly associated with calibration uncertainties of the PN instruments. Correlation measurements between the full-flow dilution tunnels (constant-volume samplers, CVS) and the proportional partial-flow dilution systems (PFDS) showed agreement within 15% for the PN method down to 1 × 10 11 p/kWh. At lower concentrations, the PN background of the CVS and/or the PFDS can result in larger inconsistencies. The filter-based particulate matter (PM) mass and the PN emissions correlate well down to 1-2 mg/km for LD vehicles and to 2-3 mg/kWh for HD applications. The correlation improveswhen only elemental carbon mass is considered: it is relatively good down to 0.1-0.3 mg/km or mg/kWh.
AB - In 2011, the European Commission introduced a limit for nonvolatile particle number (PN) emissions >23 nm from light-duty (LD) vehicles and the stated intent is to implement similar legislation for on-road heavy-duty (HD) engines at the next legislative stage. This paper reviews the recent literature regarding the operation-dependent emission of PN from LD vehicles and HD engines, and the measurement procedure used for regulatory purposes. The repeatability of the PN method is of the order of 5% and higher scatter of the results can easily be explained by the effect of the vehicles or the aftertreatment devices on the PN emissions (e.g., the fill state of the diesel particulate filters). Reproducibility remains an issue since it may exceed 30%. These high-variability levels are mainly associated with calibration uncertainties of the PN instruments. Correlation measurements between the full-flow dilution tunnels (constant-volume samplers, CVS) and the proportional partial-flow dilution systems (PFDS) showed agreement within 15% for the PN method down to 1 × 10 11 p/kWh. At lower concentrations, the PN background of the CVS and/or the PFDS can result in larger inconsistencies. The filter-based particulate matter (PM) mass and the PN emissions correlate well down to 1-2 mg/km for LD vehicles and to 2-3 mg/kWh for HD applications. The correlation improveswhen only elemental carbon mass is considered: it is relatively good down to 0.1-0.3 mg/km or mg/kWh.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84859927898&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1080/02786826.2012.661103
DO - 10.1080/02786826.2012.661103
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:84859927898
SN - 0278-6826
VL - 46
SP - 719
EP - 749
JO - Aerosol Science and Technology
JF - Aerosol Science and Technology
IS - 7
ER -