An Electrolyte for Reversible Cycling of Na Metal and Na Intercalation Compounds

Na battery chemistries show poor passivation behavior of low voltage Na storage compounds and Na metal with organic carbonate-based electrolytes adopted from Li-ion batteries. Therefore, a suitable electrolyte remains a major challenge for establishing Na batteries. Here we report highly concentrated sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (NaFSI) in dimethoxyethane (DME) electrolytes and investigate them for Na metal and hard carbon anodes and intercalation cathodes. For a DME/NaFSI ratio of 2, a stable passivation of anode materials was found owing to the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interface, which was characterized spectroscopically. This permitted non-dentritic Na metal cycling with approximately 98 % coulombic efficiency as shown for up to 300 cycles. The NaFSI/DME electrolyte may enable Na-metal anodes and allows for more reliable assessment of electrode materials in Na-ion half-cells, as is demonstrated by comparing half-cell cycling of hard carbon anodes and Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃cathodes with a widely used carbonate and the NaFSI/DME electrolyte.