@article{ed546dac39de4ff79a6e45909aab8d33,
title = "Suitability analysis and revised strategies for marine environmental carbon capture and storage (CCS) monitoring",
abstract = "Environmental monitoring of offshore Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) complexes requires robust methodologies and cost-effective tools to detect, attribute and quantify CO2 leakage in the unlikely event it occurs from a sub-seafloor reservoir. Various approaches can be utilised for environmental CCS monitoring, but their capabilities are often undemonstrated and more detailed monitoring strategies need to be developed. We tested and compared different approaches in an offshore setting using a CO2 release experiment conducted at 120 m water depth in the Central North Sea. Tests were carried out over a range of CO2 injection rates (6 - 143 kg d−1) comparable to emission rates observed from abandoned wells. Here, we discuss the benefits and challenges of the tested approaches and compare their relative cost, temporal and spatial resolution, technology readiness level and sensitivity to leakage. The individual approaches demonstrate a high level of sensitivity and certainty and cover a wide range of operational requirements. Additionally, we refer to a set of generic requirements for site-specific baseline surveys that will aid in the interpretation of the results. Critically, we show that the capability of most techniques to detect and quantify leakage exceeds the currently existing legal requirements.",
keywords = "CCS monitoring, Leakage attribution, Leakage detection, Leakage quantification, Monitoring strategy, Suitability analysis",
author = "Anna Lichtschlag and Pearce, {Christopher R.} and Mikael Suominen and Jerry Blackford and Borisov, {Sergey M.} and Bull, {Jonathan M.} and {de Beer}, Dirk and Marcella Dean and Mario Esposito and Anita Flohr and Jonas Gros and Matthias Haeckel and Huvenne, {Veerle A.I.} and James, {Rachael H.} and Dirk Koopmans and Peter Linke and Matthew Mowlem and Omar, {Abdirahman M.} and Allison Schaap and Mark Schmidt and Stefan Sommer and James Strong and Connelly, {Douglas P.}",
note = "Funding Information: The STEMM-CCS project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 654462 . Other work which contributed to this experiment has been funded by the ACTOM Act on Offshore Monitoring project (Accelerating CCS Technologies, Horizon2020 Project No. 294766) with financial contributions made from the UK Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS). Other work which contributed to this experiment has been funded by the UK's Natural Environmental Research Council: the SPITFIRE project, grant number NE/L002531/1; the Climate Linked Atlantic Sector Science (CLASS) project, funded through the single centre national capability programme grant number NE/R015953/1; the Carbonate Chemistry Autonomous Sensor System (CarCASS) project, grant number NE/P02081X/1. Further funding was received from Bayesian Monitoring Design (BayMoDe), funded by the Research Council of Norway through the CLIMIT programme, project 254711; and the Max Planck Society, Germany. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021",
year = "2021",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1016/j.ijggc.2021.103510",
language = "English",
volume = "112",
journal = "International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control",
issn = "1750-5836",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
}