TY - JOUR
T1 - Organic acid cross-linked 3D printed cellulose nanocomposite bioscaffolds with controlled porosity, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility
AU - Štiglic, Andreja Dobaj
AU - Gürer, Fazilet
AU - Lackner, Florian
AU - Bračič, Doris
AU - Winter, Armin
AU - Gradišnik, Lidija
AU - Makuc, Damjan
AU - Kargl, Rupert
AU - Duarte, Isabel
AU - Plavec, Janez
AU - Maver, Uros
AU - Beaumont, Marco
AU - Kleinschek, Karin Stana
AU - Mohan, Tamilselvan
N1 - © 2022 The Author(s).
PY - 2022/5/20
Y1 - 2022/5/20
N2 - Herein, we fabricated chemically cross-linked polysaccharide-based three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds using an ink composed of nanofibrillated cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and citric acid (CA), featuring strong shear thinning behavior and adequate printability. Scaffolds were produced by combining direct-ink-writing 3D printing, freeze-drying, and dehydrothermal heat-assisted cross-linking techniques. The last step induces a reaction of CA. Degree of cross-linking was controlled by varying the CA concentration (2.5-10.0 wt.%) to tune the structure, swelling, degradation, and surface properties (pores: 100-450 μm, porosity: 86%) of the scaffolds in the dry and hydrated states. Compressive strength, elastic modulus, and shape recovery of the cross-linked scaffolds increased significantly with increasing cross-linker concentration. Cross-linked scaffolds promoted clustered cell adhesion and showed no cytotoxic effects as determined by the viability assay and live/dead staining with human osteoblast cells. The proposed method can be extended to all polysaccharide-based materials to develop cell-friendly scaffolds suitable for tissue engineering applications.
AB - Herein, we fabricated chemically cross-linked polysaccharide-based three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds using an ink composed of nanofibrillated cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and citric acid (CA), featuring strong shear thinning behavior and adequate printability. Scaffolds were produced by combining direct-ink-writing 3D printing, freeze-drying, and dehydrothermal heat-assisted cross-linking techniques. The last step induces a reaction of CA. Degree of cross-linking was controlled by varying the CA concentration (2.5-10.0 wt.%) to tune the structure, swelling, degradation, and surface properties (pores: 100-450 μm, porosity: 86%) of the scaffolds in the dry and hydrated states. Compressive strength, elastic modulus, and shape recovery of the cross-linked scaffolds increased significantly with increasing cross-linker concentration. Cross-linked scaffolds promoted clustered cell adhesion and showed no cytotoxic effects as determined by the viability assay and live/dead staining with human osteoblast cells. The proposed method can be extended to all polysaccharide-based materials to develop cell-friendly scaffolds suitable for tissue engineering applications.
KW - Biomaterials
KW - Materials science
KW - Tissue Engineering
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85129360860&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104263
DO - 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104263
M3 - Article
C2 - 35521531
SN - 2589-0042
VL - 25
JO - iScience
JF - iScience
IS - 5
M1 - 104263
ER -